Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement)
Introductory Remarks
Volf J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S3 
Biochemical Effects of Low Level Exposure to Soman Vapour
Bajgar J., Ševelová L., Krejčová G., Fusek J., Vachek J., Kassa J., Herink J., de Jong L.P.A., Benschop H.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S4-S7
The aim of this study was to demonstrate changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities, tyrosine aminotransferase activity (TAT) and plasma corticosterone level, neuroexcitability and behavior following 24 hours and 4 weeks of soman sublethal inhalation exposure at low level. AChE activity in erythrocytes and BuChE activity in plasma was decreased (dependent on the concentration of soman) 24 h and 4 weeks after the exposure. Similar decrease in AChE activity in different brain parts was observed. One of stressogenic parameters (TAT) was changed after 24 h exposure only. 4 weeks after the exposure, these parameters...
Contribution to Safe Antiinflammatory Therapy with Indomethacin
Bauerová K., Nosáľová V., Mihalová D., Navarová J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S8-S10
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs possess not only therapeutic but also adverse effects, mainly on the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this pilot study was to establish the ulcerogenic dose caused by daily administration of indomethacin to male Lewis rats. Further, the model of rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) was used to evaluate the protective effect of stobadine dipalmitate against indomethacin-induced gastroenteropathy. Indomethacin was administered subcutaneously in the daily dose of 5, 7, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w. Survival of the animals and damage of gastric and intestinal mucosa were monitored, and some biochemical parameters were determined....
Some Lung Cellular Parametres Reflecting Inflammation after Combined Inhalation of Amosite Dust with Cigarette Smoke by Rats
Beňo M., Hurbánková M., Dušinská M., Volkovová K., Staruchová M., Černá S., Barančoková M., Kažimírová A., Kováčiková Z., Bobek P., Horecký M., Mikulecký M., Kyrtopoulos S.A.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S11-S13
Cellular changes were followed in lung cell suspensions after 175 day inhalation by rats of concentrations 30 mg/m3 or 60 mg/m3 of amosite asbestos every second day combined with daily exposure to cigarette smoke at 30 mg of total particulate matter (TPM)/m3 air. Concomitantly, lung inflammation was assessed by changes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). A dose-dependent rise in the BALF inflammatory parameters was found. The rise of the proportion of binucleate (BNC) and multinucleate cells (MNC) in lung cell suspensions was also dose-dependent. It is concluded that, in the experimental assessment of effects of fibrogenic dusts, the number...
Possible Genotoxic Risk of Combined Exposure to Pharmaceutical Coal Tar and UV-B Radiation
Borská L., Fiala Z., Šmejkalová J., Hamáková K., Kremláček J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S14-S15
Goeckerman's therapy of psoriasis combines exposure to pharmaceutical coal tar and UV-B radiation. In the pilot study (15 patients had been diagnosed with psoriasis, the average time period in hospital therapy was 24 days, the average age of the patients was 29 years, 47% of them were smokers) a level of genotoxic risk from therapy was evaluated by using chromosomal aberration of peripheral lymphocytes. The study suggested the presence of an increased genotoxic risk from the therapy. The PASI scores (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) were monitored.
Kojic Acid and its Derivatives: History and Present State of Art
Brtko J., Rondahl L., Ficková M., Hudecová D., Eybl V., Uher M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S16-S18
Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4-pyranone) represents an attractive polyfunctional skeleton for development of biologically active compounds. The authors prepared a great variety of kojic acid derivatives and selected biological properties have been studied. Thus, kojic acid derivatives are promising compounds that might advantageously be used in human and/or veterinary medicine and also in preparation of new, even more biologically active preparations.
Protection of Newborn Organism against Effect of Oxidative Stress
Brucknerová I., Benedeková M., Pecháň I., Franková E., Ujházy E., Dubovický M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S18-S20
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate influence of oxidative stress on newborn organism, in terms of the dynamics of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration changes and of the activities of selected antioxidants in asphyxial newborns on the 1st and 5th day of life. Method: In the group of 62 preterm and term asphyxial newborns, characterized by the presence of asphyxial criteria and admitted within 24 hours of life, the plasma concentration of MDA and level of total antioxidant status (TAS) were followed. Results: Dynamic changes of MDA signalized active process of lipoperoxidation (LP) and values of TAS were decreased in comparison...
Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytotoxic Parameters after Inhalation Exposure to Amosite and Wollastonite Fibrous Dusts Combined with Cigarette Smoke
Černá S., Beňo M., Hurbánková M., Kováčiková Z., Bobek P., Kyrtopoulos S.A.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S20-S23
The aim of this work was to compare the influence of amosite-asbestos and wollastonite fibrous dusts combined with cigarette smoke on chosen cytotoxic parameters of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in rats. Fisher 344 rats inhaled wollastonite or amosite fibrous dusts (60 or 30 mg.m-3 air) one hour every two days combined with daily breathing of diluted mainstream tobacco smoke (30 mg of TPM.m-3 air). The experiment lasted 6 months. After sacrifying the animals bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the viability and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages (AM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phopshatase activity (in the cell-free...
Effect of Melatonin on Neurobehavioral Dysfunctions Induced by Intrauterine Hypoxia in Rats
Dubovický M., Ujházy E., Kovačovský P., Navarová J., Juráni M., Šoltés L.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S23-S25
Intrauterine hypoxia associated with oxidative stress represents an important risk factor for development of neurobehavioral dysfunctions. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective effect of melatonin (MEL) on neurobehavioral dysfunctions induced by chronic intrauterine hypoxia in rats by the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (PHT), which is known by its teratogenic potential. Pregnant female rats (Wistar/DV) were orally treated by PHT (150 mg/kg) from day 7 to 18 of gestation. MEL was dissolved in drinking water (40 μg/ml) and administered from day 0 to 19 of gestation. Neurobehavioral development of offsprig was evaluated from...
The Effect of Estradiol on the Oxidative Damage and Trace Element Level Determined in the Liver of Rats Treated with Dimethhylarsinic Acid
Eybl V., Kotyzová D., Koutenský J., Glattre E.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S26-S28
DMA - dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid) - used as an herbicide, is the major metabolite formed after the exposure to inorganic arsenics in mammals. It is considered to have an important role in arsenic carcinogenesis through the induction of oxidative damage in various tissues. Estradiol, apart from its main hormonal effect, displays both prooxidative and antioxidative action depending on the condition of the treatment. The oxidative stress plays a crucial role in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. In the experiments performed in female Wistar rats receiving drinking water ad libitum with 0.01% DMA for 10 weeks, one half of rats was treated with...
Antioxidants - Clinical Aspects
Hlúbik P., Střítecká H.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S28-S30
Interest in nutrition and food consumption in advanced countries has become an important instrument of active care for maintaining the population's health. Basic orientation in food composition and in topical knowledge about the effectiveness of individual nutrients in the human organism form an indispensable part of nutrition and health consciousness and it can significantly facilitate and improve activity in both professionals and non-professionals, or it can correct some subjective opinions and deep-rooted imaginations. At the end of the last century progress in molecular biological research led to better knowledge about previously unknown functions...
Phototoxic Activity and the Possibilities of its Testing
Chobot V., Vytlačilová J., Jahodář L.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S31-S33
The photodynamically active compounds have been attracting an attention of specialists for relatively long time. The most fruitful period of their research has been probably the last decade. The structures of the photosensitizers are very different. The biological activity is based on a formation of free reactive radicals after an excitation of the molecules of the phototoxins by e.g. UV radiation. Some photosensitizers are used for treatment of various diseases in dermatology and oncology. Since the substances can occur in plants, food or cosmetics, the photodynamic activity of these compounds is necessary to be studied under various conditions. Now...
On Augmentation of Adenosine-Mediated Negative Dromotropic Effect by K+ Released during Myocardial Ischemia
Juránek I.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S33-S36
The present study was designed to investigate mechanisms of adenosine (ADO)-mediated prolongation of conductivity through the atrioventricular (AV) node during myocardial ischemia. Using the Langendorff preparation of the guinea pig heart, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular potassium concentration elevated due to ischemia could augment ADO effect. Exposure of the heart preparation to either stop-flow or hypoxic Krebs-Henseleit solution (KH) inhibited AV node conductivity, observed as an increase in SH interval, and finally resulted in AV block. Superficial potassium concentration ([K+]S), recorded simultaneously, increased in response to each...
The Influence of Low-Level Sarin Inhalation Exposure on the Host Resistance and Immune Reaction of Imbred BALB/c Mice after their Infection with Francisella Tularensis LVS
Kassa J., Kročová Z., Ševelová L., Sheshko V., Pavliš O.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S36-S38
To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to two low concentrations of sarin for 60 minutes in the inhalation chamber and then infected with Francisella tularensis LVS on the 7th day following the exposure to sarin. 24 hours after infection, the level of some isotypes of antibodies (IgM, IgA) against tularaemia was significantly decreased regardless of the sarin concentration used while the lymphoproliferation was significantly increased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. Later, the level of some isotypes of antibodies (IgM, IgA) against tularaemia and the...
Antiradical Activity of Petals of Philadelphus Coronarius L.
Klečáková J., Chobot V., Jahodář L., Laakso I., Víchová P.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S39-S40
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and nitroprusside assay were used for in vitro study of antiradical/scavenger activity of Philadelphus coronarius petal substances. The results obtained can be used as the basis for further studies of this type of the biological effects in the plant.
Effects of Kojic Acid on Oxidative Damage and on Iron and Trace Element Level in Iron-overloaded Mice and Rats
Kotyzová D., Eybl V., Koutenský J., Brtko J., Glattre E.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S41-S44
Since members of hydroxypyrone series posses iron chelating properties, kojic acid (KA), 5-hydroxy-2- (hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-one, a fungal metabolite of natural origin, has been suggested to might play a role in iron-overload diseases and in oxidative stress conditions involving transition metal. In our experiments in vivo models of iron-overload were used to study iron-chelating properties of KA and its effect on oxidative damage in mice and rats. The treatment of iron-preloaded rats (25 mg Fe.kg-1 b.w., i.p., daily for five days) with 0.5% KA in drinking water for four weeks did not lower the iron concentration accumulated in the liver, neither...
The Effect of Fibrous Dusts on Lung Cells. In Vitro Study
Kováčiková Z., Petrovská H., Tátrai E., Dušinská M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S44-S48
The mechanism of toxicity of selected asbestos substitute mineral fibres was examined and compared to that of asbestos. Alveolar macrophages and type II cells were isolated from Fischer 344 rats and after 20 h cultivation various concentration of fibres alone (amosite, wollastonite, rockwool or glass fibres) or in combination with cigarette smoke were added to cells and the cultivation continued for another 24 h. After finishing the exposure the number of alkaline phosphatase positive type II cells was counted, the comet assay was used to detect DNA damage (strand breaks) in both cell types and ultrastructural changes were evaluated by transmission...
Acute Experimental Tabun-Induced Intoxication and its Therapy in Rats
Krejčová G., Kassa J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S48-S52
Pharmacological pretreatment and antidotal treatment on tabun-induced neurotoxicity were studied in male albino rats that were poisoned with a lethal dose of tabun (280 µg/kg i.m.; 100% of LD50 value) and observed at 24 hours and 7 days following tabun challenge. The neurotoxicity of tabun was evaluated using a Functional observational battery and an automatic measurement of motor activity.Pharmacological pretreatment as well as antidotal treatment were able to reverse most of tabun-induced neurotoxic signs observed at 24 hours following tabun poisoning. However, there was not significant difference between the efficacy of profylaxis and...
The New Therapy Procedures for Viper Attack
Kresánek J., Placková S., Cagáňová B., Klobušická Z., Bátora I., Kresánek I.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S53-S54
In Slovak Republic and the region of Central and Eastern Europe the viper is the only species of venomous snake living in wild. During the last nine observed years (1993-2002) the Toxicological Information Center (TIC) was consulted in 81 cases of individuals attacked by snakes. 51 of these cases were by viper, rattlesnake 6, and green mamba once. 23 cases were by non-venomous snakes; adder 22 times and royal snake once. The viper and adder attacks occurred in the wild and the other cases with snake keepers. None of affected individuals died.Our contribution contains the new recommended therapy procedures for viper attack.
Amphotericin B, its Lipid Formulations and Conjugates with Polymers
Kubicová L., Pravda M., Buchta V., Vopršalová M., Sedlák M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S54-S56
The minireview is focused on novel findings concerning mechanism of action, lipid formulations, polymer conjugates, and structural modifications of amphotericin B.
Biological Activity of 2-Hydroxythiobenzanilides and Related Compounds
Kubicová L., Šustr M., Pravda M., Waisser K.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S57-S59
Thiobenzanilides substituted in thioacyl moiety with one or more hydroxy groups are interesting for their biological effects depending on the substitution pattern. New findings in mechanisms of action of 2-hydroxybenzanilides insert 2-hydroxybenzanilides and their analogues, e.g. substituted thiobenzanilides, among interesting compounds in the development of new potential antimicrobial drugs. The present review paper with 32 references links up with our previous communications which reviewed biological activity of 2-hydroxybenzanilides and related compounds, and includes the research of mono-, di-, and trihydroxythiobenzanilides carried out in the...
In Vitro Reactivation of Tabun-Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase Using New Oximes - K027, K005, K033 and K048
Kuča K., Cabal J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S59-S61
Four new AChE oximes for reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited with tabun - K027 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium) propane dibromide], K005 [1,3-bis(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium) propane dibromide], K033 [1,4-bis(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium) butane dibromide] and K048 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium) butane dibromide] were prepared. Their efficacies to reactivate tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase were studied and compared with the currently used acetylcholinesterase reactivators (pralidoxime, obidoxime and HI-6). Reactivator K048 seems to be promising reactivator of tabun-inhibited...
Inhibitory Effects of Cadmium and Tabacco Alkaloids on Expansion of Porcine Oocytecumulus Complexes
Mlynarčíková A., Scsuková S., Vršanská S., Nagyová E., Ficková M., Kolena J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S62-S64
Studies aimed at the influence of smoking on reproductive functions have found out fertility disorders in smokers occurring at any stage of reproductive processes. In our experiments the role of cadmium, nicotine and anabasine was investigated in the expansion of oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) isolated from large antral porcine follicles. Suppression of FSH-induced cumulus expansion and significant inhibition of synthesis and accumulation of hyaluronic acid in the cell/matrix compartment of the OCC was observed in the presence of different concentrations of tested compounds. The suppressive effect of cadmium and tobacco alkaloids on the cumulus expansion...
Antioxidant Vitamin Pool in Senior Population
Mužáková V., Roušar T., Vojtíšek P., Skalický J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S64-S66
Aim: To compare plasma concentration of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in healthy seniors (age over 65 years), senior patients with either diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction or dyslipidemia and recommended values of these vitamins. Methods: Studied groups included 30 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM); 30 patients 1 - 2 weeks after acute myocardial infarction (AMI); 11 patients with lipid metabolism disorder (LD, total cholesterol > 6.2 mM); and control group of 27 healthy persons. Results: Concentration of α-tocopherol in DM group was 14.6 ± 5.3 µM, in AMI group 13.7 ± 5.6 µM, in LD group 15.9...
Effect of Melatonin on Biochemical Variables Induced by Phenytoin in Organs of Mothers, Foetuses and Offsprings of Rats
Navarová J., Ujházy E., Dubovický M., Mach M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S67-S69
The present pre- and postnatal study was carried out to investigate the effect of melatonin (MEL), a potent antioxidant, on biochemical variables in the in vivo model of intrauterine hypoxia in rats. Chronic hypoxia was induced pharmacologically by the administration of the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) during pregnancy. Rats were orally treated by PHT (150 mg/kg) from day 7 to 18 of gestation. MEL in drinking water (40 μg/ml) was administered from day 0 to 19 of gestation. The activity of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAGA) and the level of glutathione (GSH) were used as markers of tissue damage. In the prenatal study PHT-induced...
Gut and Vessel Alternations Induced by Mesenteric Ischaemia/Reperfusion in Rats
Nosáľová V., Sotníková R., Mihalová D., Navarová J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S70-S72
A rat model of transient occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery was used to study the intestinal and vascular injury induced by ischaemia/ reperfusion (I/R). A pronounced intestinal injury was observed, ranging from hyperaemia to severe haemorrhagic necrosis and bleeding. The length of the damaged intestinal segments reached 58.6% of the small intestine with a decrease of the wet weight in the I/R group. Sham operation resulted in 100% survival, I/R decreased survival to 40% after 24 h. Following I/R a significant increase of vascular permeability was observed in the small intestine. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity decreased aborally...
Mutagenity of Airborne Particulate Matter PM10
Pastorková A., Černá M., Šmíd J., Vrbíková V.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S72-S75
Mutagenic activity of extractable organic matter (EOM), from airborne particles collected over winters in four towns of Czech Republic, was investigated by the means of Salmonella typhimurium indicator strains TA98 and YG1041 using the Ames plate incorporation assay. Mutagenicity of all tested samples showed significant dose-related increase in number of revertants per mg of EOM. The direct mutagenic potency detected with TA98 increased further in the presence of external metabolic activation. The mutagenic potency detected with YG1041 was about two orders of magnitude higher than that detected with TA98. The mutagenicity results correlated with the...
Chemical Agents and Chemical Terrorism
Patočka J., Fusek J.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S75-S77
Chemical terrorism is a new threat to the security of mankind, which scale essentially exceeds the impact of use of the most modern firearms. At present time all over the world threats from different radical elements to use radioactive materials, potent poisonous substances and pathogenic microorganisms for terrorist purposes became more frequent. High-toxic chemical substances can fall in terrorist hands through wide range of sources. Potentially misused types of chemical compounds are discussed in this article.
Acute Toxicity of Binary Mixture Benzene - Ethanol and Partition Coefficient KOW of Benzene and Ethanol
Rucki M., Tichý M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S77-S79
The study related to partition coefficients between n-octanol and water of compounds in binary mixture benzene-ethanol was carried out. Partition coefficients of benzene and ethanol for different values of molar ratio of benzene in the mixture were determined. Collected results show statistically significant deviations the Kow of benzene for some molar ratios (0.2 to 0.6) from values for pure compound. For ethanol, there are no statistically significant deviations from values for pure compound, however there are some trends of changes of Kow..
Relationship between Plasmatic Levels of Sarin and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Rats Exposed to Sarin Vapors
Ševelová L., Bajgar J., Bielavská M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S80-S82
In our study we monitored plasmatic levels of sarin and changes in cholinesterase activities in rats after exposure to sarin vapors at low concentration. Rats were exposed to sarin in inhalation chamber at concentration 1.25 or 2.5 μg/l for 60 minutes. The acetylcholinesterase activity was measured in erythrocytes and in different brain regions (frontal cortex - FC, pontomedullar area - PM, basal ganglia - BG). Butyrylcholinesterase activity and sarin levels were measured in plasma. Acetylcholinesterase activity in erythrocytes as well as butyrylcholinesterase activity in plasma were significantly decreased in both groups of animals after intoxication...
Effect of Melatonin and Strobadine on Maternal and Embryofoetal Toxicity in Rats Due to Intrauterine Hypoxia Induced by Phenytoin Administration
Ujházy E., Mach M., Dubovický M., Navarová J., Šoltés L., Juránek I., Brucknerová I., Zeman M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S83-S86
The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the natural antioxidant melatonin (MEL) and the synthetic antioxidant stobadine (STO) could reduce the incidence of maternal and embryofoetal toxicity in rats due to intrauterine hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia was induced pharmacologically by the administration of the anticonvulsant phenytoin (PHT) during the entire period of pregnancy. PHT disturbed the normal course of pregnancy, affected reproductive parameters and increased the incidence of skeletal anomalies. MEL did not protect the PHT-induced development toxicity in rat. On the other hand, STO partially prevented PHT-induced reduction of...
Determination of Acrylonitrile in Materials in Contact with Foodstuffs
Ventura K., Eisner A., Adam M.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S86-S89
Monitoring of the content of free acrylonitrile in plastics used for the preparation of viands is necessary due to its negative effect on human health. A content of 20 ppb is the maximal value of free acrylonitrile in such samples. In this case, head-space gas chromatography is most favourable analytical method when combined with the standard addition method together with a mass-spectrometry detector because of a very low concentration of the analyte. In samples taken for analysis, the content of free acrylonitrile was found to be within 5.1 and 10.3 ppb (μg/kg).
Tubifex Tubifex Müll - Photosensitive Organism
Vytlačilová J., Chobot V., Jahodář L., Laakso I., Vuorela P.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S89-S93
The worm Tubifex tubifex Müll. (Tubificideae, Oligochaeta) is a suitable organism for the research of the biological effect of various pollutants. This pilot study deals with the responds of the organism to the treatments of two photosensitizers (bengal rose B, quinidine) and UVA radiation. The activity of the photosensitizers was evaluated by the comparison of the surfaces of tested worms and dark controls. The results showed that T. tubifex Müll. could be a suitable organism for the studies of phototoxicity. This species demonstrated relatively strong sensitivity to the effect of the selected photodynamically active substances.
Surprises and Omissions in Toxicology
Rašková H., Zídek Z.
Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12(Supplement):S94-S96
The paper describes expected and unexpected results gained from studies performed decades ago, and so to say - forgotten.1. Different bacterial toxins can induce considerable changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of applied drugs. To admit clinical trials, only results from healthy human volunteers are required, however.2. Antagonists to the toxicity of bacterial toxins in general have to be administered prior to the toxin. However, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is effective also when applied after toxins. ATP is "in" again in contemporary research.3. A controlled clinical trial revealed substantial differences between the D-...